Ndeapi mahomoni anowanzo shandiswa kudzoreredza bonde rehove (Chiremera)
2.Ndeipi nzira yekudzokera shure kwehove?
3.Chii chakapesvedzera bonde rehove?
4.How to reverse hove bonde?
5.Ndeapi mahormones anowanzo shandiswa pakudzosera bonde rehove?
6.Nzira dzehutungamiri hwehomoni
7.Ndezvipi zvakanakira kudzoreredza bonde rehove?
8.Ndezvipi zvakaipira kudzoreredza bonde rehove?
9.Regulatory zvinhu zvehove sex reversal
10.Ndokupi kunotenga mahormones ehove dzebonde reversal?
11. Rondedzero
1.Introduction
(1) Tsanangudzo yekuchinja pabonde kwehove
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(2)Kukosha kwehove bonde reversal
Chinangwa chikuru chekuchinja bonde kwehove ndechekuwedzera kuberekana kwevana uye kukurudzira hunhu hwepabonde muvanhu. Vertebrate nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti chiitiko chekuchinja kwepabonde chakasiyana nehove nekuda kwekuwedzera kusiyanisa pakati pezvipembenene zvepamusoro. Zvidzidzo zveSainzi zvakaratidza kuti mahormone ekunze anogona kushandura bonde rehove dzinowanzo ramba shanduko dzakadai. Nekurapa kwakakodzera, hove dzechidiki uye dzevakuru dzinogona kushandurwa kuita monophyletic kana primary monophyletic populations. Sezvo hove dzechirume dzichiita kunge dzichiremerwa uye dzichikura nekukurumidza kupfuura hadzi, tekinoroji yekudzora bonde inowanzo shandiswa kuwedzera goho nehove dzakasiyana siyana uku uchichengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwemahomoni ekunze ekudyiwa kwevanhu.
2.Ndeipi nzira yekudzokera shure kwehove?
Hove dzinodzora basa radzo dzekubereka uye dzinoona phenotype yavo yekupedzisira nekugadzirisa kukura nekusiyanisa kwemasero ehutachiona. Hormone regulation chinhu chakakosha pakuita uku uye kunosanganisira hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) uye hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes.
HPG axis inosanganisira kuburitswa kwegonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRH) nehypothalamus, iyo inomutsa pituitary gland kuburitsa gonadotropin (GTH) inoshanda pamagonads kukurudzira kuumbwa uye kuburitswa kweesrogen nemahomoni uye kuwanda nekukura kwe masero. Iyo HPT axis inosanganisira secretion ye thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) ne hypothalamus, iyo inokurudzira pituitary gland kuti ibudise thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), iyo inobva yaita pane thyroid gland kukurudzira synthesis uye secretion yethyroid mahormone ayo. gadzirisa systemic metabolism. Mhinduro kubva kuesrogen uye thyroid hormone inogadzirisa kushanda kwe hypothalamus uye pituitary gland kuchengetedza kuenzanisa kune simba.
Kana hove dzichisangana nezvinhu zvinokonzeresa kushanduka pabonde, zvakaita sezvakatipoteredza kana genetic zvinhu, masisitimu maviri ari pamusoro anoshanduka, achikanganisa chiyero chepakutanga chemurume nemukadzi uye zvichikonzera nhevedzano yekutaura kwemajini, kuwanda kwesero, uye kugadzirisa matishu izvo zvinozotungamira mukushanduka kwebonde. .
· Kana hove ikadzokera kumashure kubva pamurume kuenda pahadzi, inogona kupinda nematanho anotevera:
①Kudzikira kwehunhu hwechirume: testis yakatanga kupera, kugadzirwa kwesperm kwakadzikira kana kumira, testicular stromal cell yakadzikira kana kunyangarika, uye testosterone yakadzikira.
②Induction yehunhu hwevakadzi: ovarian primordia inotanga kuwedzera, maoocyte anotanga kuwedzera kana kuvandudza, ovarian stromal masero anotanga kuonekwa kana kuwedzera, uye mazinga estradiol anowedzera.
③Kugadzikana kwechikadzi maitiro: maovary akazara, akajairwa ovulation, ovulation cycle kumisikidzwa, yakagadzikana estradiol mazinga, nezvimwe.
· Kana hove ichidzokera kumashure kubva kumukadzi kuenda kumurume, inogona kupfuura nematanho akati wandei:
①Kudzoreka kwehunhu hwevakadzi: mazai anotanga kupera, maoocyte anotanga kuderera kana kupera, masero e-ovarian stromal anoderera kana kupera, uye mazinga estradiol anoderera, nezvimwewo.
②Kuiswa kwehunhu hwechirume: testicular primordia inotanga kuwedzera, spermatogonia inotanga kuwedzera kana kuvandudza, testicular stromal cell inotanga kuonekwa kana kuwedzera, uye mazinga e testosterone anowedzera.
③Kugadzikana kwechirume maitiro: ma testes akanyatsogadzirwa, akajairwa kugadzirwa kwesperm, maitiro ekubatana, yakagadzikana mazinga e testosterone, nezvimwe.
3.Chii chakapesvedzera bonde rehove?
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(1)Gene:
Iyo genetic yekumisikidza bonde mumhuka inoreva kuti ekunze kwezvakatipoteredza haakonzere kutungamira kwekusiyanisa bonde, uye majini emajini pamakromosome epabonde anozviona. Iro geni rekusarudza bonde rinotonga "kutsunga maitiro" uye rinotanga nhevedzano yezviitiko zvekusiyanisa zvepabonde. Iyo genetic yekutsunga kuita zvepabonde inosanganisira kupindirana kwakaoma kwemaitiro ebiochemical, apo zvimwe zvikamu kana musanganiswa wezvikamu munzira inogona kuve inotonga zvinhu zvinotaridza kutungamira kwekutemerwa pabonde.
(2)Tembiricha:
Munguva yekuchecheudzwa kwemazai ehove, pane tembiricha-inonzwa nguva (TSP), panguva iyo kutungamira kwekusiyanisa pabonde uye bonde reshiyo inogona kuchinjwa nekusimudza nekugadzira kana kudzikisa tembiricha, kusateedzera pesvedzero yemajini. Kuchinja kwevakadzi kunogona kutoitika, sezvinoonekwa muNile tilapia, uko vakadzi venhaka vanogona kuva varume vepanyama kana vakarapwa pakushisa kwepamusoro kwe36 ° C panguva yeTSP. Nile tilapia's gonads inoshanduka kubva kuovarian kuenda ku testicular type pamazuva 21-39 mushure mekusangana, uye magonad echikadzi enhaka anoshanduka kuita testes echokwadi kana akarapwa nekupisa kwakanyanya pamazuva makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe mushure mekusangana, sezvakaratidzwa neVASA immunohistochemical staining.
(3) Exogenous mahormone:
Hove dzine plastiki yakasimba mubonde, uye nharaunda yekunze inogona kushandiswa kudzosera kumashure phenotype yehove. Nzira mbiri huru dzekukurudzira kushanduka pabonde muhove dzinosanganisira kuwedzera mahomoni ekunze kana ma inhibitors. Exogenous mahomoni anoshandura zvakananga mazinga ehomoni kuti ape bonde reversal, uchishandisa zvinodhaka zvakajairika senge 17-methyltestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17-estradiol, pakati pevamwe. Neimwe nzira, inhibitor zvinodhaka zvinokanganisa mahormone uye zvinogamuchirwa mumuviri, zvichideredza mwero wehove dzepabonde mahormone, akadai searomatase inhibitors.
4.How to reverse hove bonde?
Nzira dzekutanga dzekuwana kudzoserwa pabonde kwehove dzinosanganisira exogenous mahormone induction, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, uye gene manipulation.
(1) Exogenous hormone induction
Exogenous hormone induction inosanganisira jekiseni kana kuiswa kwemahomoni echirume kana echikadzi muhove, izvo zvinoshandura magonads avo uye pakupedzisira bonde ravo. Iyi nzira inobvumira kudzora kwekuita kwehutano hwepabonde uye kubereka kwehove, kuvandudza kushanda kwekurima. Mahomoni anowanzoshandiswa exogenous hormone induction anosanganisira 17-Methyltestosterone, ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17-estradiol (E2) uye Letrozole.
(2) Kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza
Environmental factor pesvedzero inosanganisira kudzora tembiricha, chiedza, density, chikafu, uye mamwe mamiriro enzvimbo yehove kukanganisa mazinga ehomoni uye gene expression, zvozopedzisira zvaita kuti bonde ridzoke. Kunyange zvakajairika, nzira iyi haidzoreki uye inofanotaurwa kana ichienzaniswa neiyo exogenous hormone induction.
(3) Gene manipulation
Gene manipulation inosanganisira kugadzirisa kana kuendesa machromosomes kana majini ehove kuti ave nemajini anosarudza bonde kana kushaikwa majene akakosha, zvichibvumira kudzoreredzwa kwepabonde. Iyi nzira ine mukana wekugadzira mitsva mitsva uye hunhu, asi yakaoma nehunyanzvi uye inogona kusimudza kuchengeteka uye kushushikana kwetsika.
5.Ndeapi mahormones anowanzo shandiswa pakudzosera bonde rehove?
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(1) 17-Methyltestosterone powder
· Chii chinonzi 17-Methyltestosterone powder?
17-Methyltestosterone inozivikanwawo se 17-alpha-Methyltestosterone, 17a-MT, methyltest kana se 17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, inonzi synthetic androgen hormone inowanzoshandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurapa uye zvisiri zvekurapa. Icho chimiro chakashandurwa che testosterone chinotorwa nemuromo nenzira yehupfu. Mushonga uyu unoshandiswa kurapa mamiriro akaita sekunonoka kuyaruka, mazinga akaderera e testosterone, gomarara rezamu muvakadzi, uye kudzoreredza bonde rehove.
· Chii chinonzi 17-Methyltestosterone poda yakashandiswa?
17-Methyltestosterone powder imhando yekugadzira yehomoni yemurume testosterone. Inowanzoshandiswa semushonga kurapa akasiyana mamiriro ane chekuita nekushaikwa kwe testosterone, sekunonoka kuyaruka muvarume uye kenza yemazamu muvakadzi. Iyo dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kukwidziridza kuita kwemitambo kana sekuwedzera kuwedzera tsandanyama. Mukuwedzera, 17-methyltestosterone inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukurima hove kuti iwane chinangwa chekudzokera shure kwepabonde.
①Kushandiswa kwekurapa
Muzvirongwa zvekurapa, 17 Methyltestosterone poda inowanzonyorerwa kuvarwere vechirume vari kunonoka kuyaruka. Mamiriro aya anoitika kana muviri ukasaburitsa testosterone yakakwana, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kunonoka kukura kwenhengo dzekubereka, kushaikwa kwebvudzi remuviri, uye mhasuru dzisina kukura. Nokuwedzera ne17 Methyltestosterone powder, varwere vanogona kuwedzera kuwedzera mumazinga e testosterone, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kukura kwehutano hwechipiri hwepabonde sebvudzi rechiso uye inzwi rakadzika.
Uyezve, 17 Methyltestosterone powder dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kurapa kenza yemazamu muvakadzi. Mushonga uyu unoshanda nekudzvanyirira kugadzirwa kweesrogen, inova ihomoni inogona kukurudzira kukura kwemamwe marudzi egomarara rezamu. Nokuderedza mazinga eesrogen, 17 Methyltestosterone powder inogona kubatsira kuderedza kufambira mberi kwekenza nekuvandudza mikana yemurwere yekupora.
②Kusashandiswa kwekurapa
Kunze kwezvirongwa zvekurapa, 17 Methyltestosterone powder dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa nevatambi uye vanovaka muviri semushonga unowedzera kushanda. Zvinotendwa kuti inowedzera tsandanyama, simba, uye kutsungirira, izvo zvinogona kubatsira vatambi kuvandudza maitiro avo emitambo. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe17 Methyltestosterone powder nenzira iyi haisi pamutemo uye inogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakakomba yehutano.
③Aquaculture kushandiswa
MT (17α-Methyltestosterone) inowanzoshandiswa exogenous androgen. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti 100% chiyero chevarume chinogona kuwanikwa nekushandisa 50 ug / g MT kurapa mukadzi Oreochromis niloticus; kushandisa 400 ug/ml yeMT kurapa hatching Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inogona kuwana 100% chiyero chevarume; fertilised Cyprinus carpio yakarapwa ne5 ug/ml yeMT yekunyudza nzira kwemaawa makumi manomwe neshanu uyezve kudyiswa ne75 mg/kg yeMT mazuva ese makumi mana. kusvika kumazuva makumi manomwe, uye 50% vana vemurume vaigona kuwanikwa.
· Ndeipi hove dzinowanzobatwa ne 17-methyltestosterone powder?
Kune mhando dzehove dzakawanda dzinowanzobatwa neMT, kusanganisira tilapia, muraraungu trout, uye salmon yeAtlantic.
①tilapia
Tilapia ndeimwe yemhando dzehove dzinorimwa zvakanyanya pasi rose, uye MT inowanzoshandiswa kugadzirisa bonde mukurima tilapia. Tilapia ihove inodziya mumvura inodziya inobva kuAfrica uye yava kurimwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda pasi rose. Kushandiswa kweMT mukurima tilapia kwakaita kuti varimi vabudise hove dzevarume vose, dzinokura nokukurumidza uye dzinonyanya kudiwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekutengesa.
②Muraraungu Rainbow
Rainbow trout ihove ine mukurumbira inorimwawo kugadzira chikafu. MT inowanzoshandiswa kugadzirisa bonde mukurima kwemuraraungu trout kugadzira hove dzevarume vese. Kuita uku kunobatsira kuwedzera kugona kwemabasa ekupfuya hove nekuderedza huwandu hwekudya uye zviwanikwa zvinodiwa pakupfuya hove.
③Salmon yeAtlantic
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(2)ketotestosterone (11-KT)
· Chii chinonzi Ketotestosterone (11-KT)?
Ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndeye yakasikwa androgen hormone inogadzirwa mumatestes uye adrenal glands ehove. Iyo ine simba androgen inoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwenhengo dzekubereka dzechirume, hunhu hwechipiri hwepabonde, uye maitiro muhove. Ketotestosterone (11-KT) yakarongeka yakafanana ne testosterone asi ine hukama hwepamusoro kune androgen receptors, zvichiita kuti ive androgen ine simba kupfuura testosterone.
· Chii chinonzi Ketotestosterone (11-KT) chinoshandiswa?
Ketotestosterone, inozivikanwawo se11-KT, ihomoni inoita basa rinokosha mukubereka kwemhuka dzakawanda, kunyanya hove uye amphibians. Irwo rudzi rwe androgen, zvinoreva kuti inokonzera kukura kwehutano hwevarume.
①Kudzosera bonde rehove
Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa ketotestosterone (11-KT) ndeyekupinzwa kwepabonde reversal muhove. Iyi hormone inonyanya kushanda pakukonzera kuchinja kwepabonde-kune-mukadzi muhove, kunyanya mumhando dzakadai se tilapia, salmon, uye catfish.
②Kuvandudza kukura nekukura kwehove
Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti ketotestosterone (11-KT) inogona kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwekukura kwehomoni uye insulini-yakafanana nekukura kwehove, zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kukura kwekukura uye kuwedzera kwehuremu hwemuviri.
③Kuvandudza maitiro ezvirwere zvehove
Ketotestosterone (11-KT) yakaratidza kuti ine immunomodulatory properties muhove, zvinoreva kuti inogona kubatsira kuvandudza maitiro ezvirwere zvehove kune zvirwere uye zvirwere. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha mune zvigadziriso zvemvura, uko hove dzinowanzosangana nehuwandu hwehutachiona uye zvinonetsa zvezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kuderedza masimba avo ezvirwere.
· Ndedzipi hove dzinowanzobatwa ne11-KT?
Mhando dzehove dzakadai se tilapia, catfish, uye salmonids dzinowanzobatwa ne11-KT.
①tilapia
Mu tilapia, 11-KT inoshandiswa kugadzira vanhurume vese vekutengesa kugadzirwa. Tilapia imhando yehove yakakosha zvikuru, uye kugadzira marudzi ose evarume kwakakosha pakurima kwakanaka. Kushandiswa kwe11-KT mu tilapia yakawanikwa ichishanda mukugadzira varume vane mazinga akakwirira ekukura, kuvandudzwa kwekudya kwekudya, uye kudzivirira zvirwere.
②Catfish
Mucatfish, 11-KT inoshandiswa kugadzira varume vanoshandiswa pakuzvara. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti varume vanokura nekukurumidza uye vane mwero wekushandura chikafu uri nani pane wevakadzi. Kushandiswa kwe11-KT mucatfish kwakawanikwa zvakare kuve kwakabudirira mukugadzira varume vane hunhu hwepamusoro hunhu, hwakadai sekurwisa chirwere uye kuvandudzwa kwenyama.
③Salmonids
MuSalmonids, senge trout uye salmon, inowanzobatwa ne11-KT. Mumhando dzehove idzi, 11-KT inoshandiswa kugadzira varume vanokura nekukurumidza mukugadzirwa kwekutengesa. Pamusoro pezvo, 11-KT inoshandiswawo kugadzira vanhurume nekuda kwekutandadza hove, sezvo masalmonids echirume anowanzo kudiwa kune vanobata hove.
(3)Estradiol-17 beta
· Chii chinonzi Estradiol-17 beta?
Estradiol-17 beta ndeye yakasikwa estrogen mahomoni ayo anowanzo shandiswa mune aquaculture yekudzoreredza bonde kwemhando dzakasiyana dzehove. Iyi hormone inoshanda nekusimudzira kukura kwemaitiro echikadzi uye kudzvinyirira kukura kwemaitiro echirume muhove.
· Chii chinonzi Estradiol-17β inoshandiswa?
Estradiol-17 beta ihomoni inongogadzirwa mumuviri uye ndeyekirasi yemahomoni eestrogen. Inobata basa rakakosha mukuvandudza nekuchengetedza nhengo dzemukadzi dzekubereka uye hunhu hwechipiri hwepabonde. Estradiol-17 beta inowanikwawo semushonga uye inoshandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano.
①Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Imwe yekushandiswa kwekutanga kweEstradiol-17 beta iri muhormone replacement therapy (HRT) yevakadzi vane menopausal. Kuguma kuenda kumwedzi inzira yechisikigo yebiology inoratidza kupera kwemakore ekubereka kwemukadzi. Inoratidzwa nekuderera kwekugadzirwa kweesrogen, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvakasiyana-siyana zviratidzo zvakadai sekupisa kunopisa, kuoma kwechikadzi, uye kuchinja kwemafungiro. HRT neEstradiol-17 beta inogona kubatsira kubvisa zviratidzo izvi uye kuderedza ngozi ye osteoporosis uye mamwe matambudziko ehutano ane chokuita nemazinga eesrogen.
②Kurapa kwekenza yemazamu
Kumwe kushandiswa kwakajairika kweEstradiol-17 beta kuri mukurapa mamwe marudzi egomarara rezamu. Estrogen inogona kukurudzira kukura kwemamwe magomarara emazamu, saka mishonga inovhara kugadzirwa kweesrogen kana kuita basa inoshandiswa kubatsira kunonoka kana kumisa kukura kwemasero egomarara. Nekudaro, mune dzimwe nguva, Estradiol-17 beta inogona kunyatso shandiswa kurapa kenza yemazamu. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mamwe magomarara emazamu anonzwa kune estrogen uye anoda kuti estrogen ikure. Muzviitiko izvi, Estradiol-17 beta inogona kushandiswa kurambidza kugadzirwa kweesrogen mumuviri, iyo inogona kunonoka kana kumisa kukura kwekenza masero.
③Hove bonde reversal
Estradiol-17 beta hove bonde reversal inzira yakajairika inoshandiswa mune aquaculture kunyengera bonde rehove nechinangwa chekutengesa. Estradiol-17 beta ihomoni yakagadzirwa inotevedzera mhedzisiro yeesrogen yechisikigo mumuviri, iyo inoita basa rakakosha pakuona bonde rehove. Nekupa iyi hormone pamatanho chaiwo ekukura kwehove, zvinokwanisika kuita kuti hove dzive nevakadzi kana kuti masculinization.
· Ndedzipi hove dzinowanzobatwa neEstradiol-17?
Kune mhando dzehove dzakawanda dzinowanzobatwa neestradiol-17 beta, kusanganisira chiteshi catfish, carp, uye tilapia.
①Chiteshi catfish
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) imhando yehove yemvura yakachena yakakurumbira inowanzorimwa mune zvemumvura. Channel catfish ndeyepabonde dimorphic, ine varume vane genital papillae uye vakadzi vane denderedzwa, yakawanda bulbous genital papilla. Mune aquaculture, chiteshi catfish inobatwa neestradiol-17 beta kuburitsa vanhukadzi vese. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti chiteshi chechikadzi catfish inokura nekukurumidza uye yakakura kupfuura varume, zvichiita kuti iwane pundutso kune zvekutengesa.
②Crap
Carp (Cyprinus carpio) imwe mhando yehove yemvura yakachena yakakurumbira inowanzorimwa mu aquaculture. Kufanana nechannel catfish, carp ndeyepabonde dimorphic, nevarume vane tubercles mumusoro wavo uye vakadzi vane muviri wakatenderera. Mune aquaculture, carp inobatwa neestradiol-17 beta kuti ibudise vanhukadzi vese nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana sechaneli catfish.
③tilapia
Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) iboka rehove dzemvura yakachena dzinowanzorimwa mukurima kwemvura nekuda kwekukura nekusimba kwadzo. Tilapia zvakare ane bonde dimorphic, nevarume vane ruvara rwakajeka uye marefu marefu emushure zvimbi kupfuura vakadzi. Mune aquaculture, tilapia inobatwa neestradiol-17 beta kuburitsa vanhurume vese. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti hono tilapia inokura nekukurumidza uye nekukura pane hadzi, zvichiita kuti iwane pundutso mukutengesa.
(4)Letrozole poda
· Chii chinonzi Letrozole powder?
Letrozole powder mushonga uri wekirasi yemishonga inozivikanwa se aromatase inhibitors. Inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa kenza yemazamu mumadzimai ekupedzisira. Masero egomarara rezamu anoda estrogen kukura, uye Letrozole Powder letrozole inoshanda nekuvhara kugadzirwa kweesrogen mumuviri. Izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hweesrogen inowanikwa kumasero egomarara, kuderera kana kumisa kukura kwavo.
· Chii chinonzi Letrozole powder inoshandiswa?
Letrozole powder ndeyekirasi yemishonga inozivikanwa se aromatase inhibitors, iyo inoshanda nekuderedza kuwanda kweesrogen inogadzirwa mumuviri. Inonyanya kushandiswa mukurapa kenza yemazamu yevakadzi uye kusabereka. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoshandawo pahove dzepabonde reversal.
①Kurapa gomarara rezamu
Letrozole Powder mushonga unoshandiswa kurapa gomarara rezamu. Inogonawo kubatsira kudzivirira gomarara repazamu kudzoka.Inonyanya kunyorerwa kuvakadzi vanenge vaguma kuenda kumwedzi uye vane rudzi rwegomarara rinonzi "hormone-dependent" regomarara rezamu.
②Inducra uye Kuwedzerara Ovulation
Mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwayo mukurapa kenza yemazamu, letrozole powder inogona kushandiswawo mukurapa kusabereka. Muvakadzi vari kunetseka kubata pamuviri, letrozole inogona kubatsira kukurudzira kubuda kwechibereko nekudzvinyirira kugadzirwa kweesrogen. Nokuderedza huwandu hweesrogen mumuviri, letrozole inogona kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwefollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), iyo inokonzera kukonzera ovulation.
③Kuwana reversal yebonde rehove
Letrozole mushonga wakawana kutariswa muindasitiri yezve aquaculture nekuda kwekugona kwayo kukonzeresa kuchinja kwepabonde muhove. Kuchinja bonde inzira inoshandurwa hunhu hwehove, kazhinji kubva kumukadzi kuenda kumurume, kana zvinopesana. Iyi nzira ine zvikumbiro zvakawanda mu aquaculture, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwevanhurume vose, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kukura kwekukura uye kuderedza nyaya dzine chokuita nekubereka.
Letrozole inoshanda nekudzivisa kugadzirwa kweesrogen, hormone inoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwehunhu hwevakadzi. Nekudzikisa huwandu hweesrogen mumuviri wehove, letrozole inogona kukonzeresa kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwechirume, senge testes uye hunhu hwechipiri hwechirume.
· Ndedzipi hove dzinobatwa ne letrozole?
Letrozole inoshandiswa kukurudzira masculinization mumhando dzehove dzechikadzi, senge tilapia, iyo inowanzorimwa nyama yavo.
①tilapia
Tilapia imwe yehove dzinowanzobatwa ne letrozole. Mushonga wacho unowedzerwa kuzvokudya zvehove, uye nekufamba kwenguva, zvinoita kuti hove dzechikadzi dzive nehunhu hwechirume, hwakadai sekuwedzera mhasuru uye chimiro chemuviri chakarongeka. Kuita uku kunonzi “kudzosera bonde,” uye itsika yakajairika muindasitiri yezvekurima kwemvura kugadzira hove dzine hunhu hunodiwa.
②Catfish uye barramundi
Dzimwe hove dzinobatwa neletrozole dzinosanganisira catfish nebarramundi. Muzvipenyu izvi, letrozole inoshandiswa kudzora nguva yekubereka. Nekupa letrozole kuhove dzechikadzi, aquaculturists anogona kunonoka kutanga kwekuyaruka uye kuwedzera nguva iyo hove dzinogona kukohwewa. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nekushandiswa kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa uye goho guru rehove.
6.Nzira dzehutungamiri hwehomoni
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PubMed Central
Inoremekedzwa dhatabhesi kubva kuNational Institutes of HealthEnda kunzvimbo
(1) Kutungamira kwemuromo
Kudzora nemuromo kunosanganisira kusanganisa mahormone nechikafu uye kuaendesa nemuromo kuhove. Iyi nzira hainyanyi kupindira uye isinganyanyi kunetseka kupfuura jekiseni, asi inoda kuti hove dzidye chikafu chine mahormone nguva dzose, izvo zvinogona kunetsa kuwana. Uyezve, iyo hormonal dose inogona kusiyanisa pakati pehove imwe neimwe, zvichiita kuti zvisaenderana nemigumisiro.
(2) Injection
Jekiseni rinosanganisira kubaya mushonga wehomoni munyama yehove. Iyi nzira inonyanya kushanda uye yakavimbika, sezvo hormone inoendeswa zvakananga kuropa. Nekudaro, zvinoda hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi kuita jekiseni nemazvo, uye zvinogona kukonzera kushushikana uye kukuvadzwa kwematishu kuhove.
(3) Immersion
Kunyudza kunosanganisira kunyudza hove mubhavhu rine mushonga wehormone. Iyi nzira ndiyo yakatwasuka uye iri nyore kuita, sezvo inoda kushoma kubata hove. Inokodzerawo kune makuru-scale applications. Nekudaro, iyo hormonal concentration uye nguva yekuratidzwa inofanirwa kudzorwa nekuchenjerera kudzivirira kukanganisa kwakaipa pahutano hwehove uye kurarama.
Mukupedzisa, kusarudzwa kwemaitiro ekutonga kwehomoni kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakati wandei, kusanganisira mhando dzehove, hukuru hwehuwandu, uye zviwanikwa zviripo. Zvisinei nemaitiro anoshandiswa, mahormone ekutonga chinhu chine simba chekufukidzira kuchinja kwepabonde muhove, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwevose-varume huwandu hweaquaculture.
7.Ndezvipi zvakanakira kudzoreredza bonde rehove?
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PubMed Central
Inoremekedzwa dhatabhesi kubva kuNational Institutes of HealthEnda kunzvimbo
(1) Kudzora hutano hwehove
Imwe yemabhenefiti ehove bonde reversal ndeyekuti inobvumira kutonga kwehove gender. Izvi zvakakosha mukurima kwemvura sezvo zvichiita kuti varimi vaburitse hove dzemhando yavanoda, izvo zvinokwanisa kuwedzera hunyanzvi uye pundutso pakupfuya hove. Semuyenzaniso, hono tilapia inokura nekukurumidza uye ine goho rakakwirira kudarika madzimai, saka kudzoreredza pabonde kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira huwandu hwevarume vese kuti vakure zvakanyanya.
(2) Goho repamusoro uye purofiti
Imwe mukana wekudzokera shure kwehove ndeyekuti inogona kuunza goho repamusoro uye kuita pundutso. Kuburikidza nekugadzira hove dzemhando yavanoda, varimi vanokwanisa kuwedzera kugona kwemabasa avo uye kugadzira hove dzakawanda dzekutengesa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera purofiti yepamusoro kuvarimi uye kuwanikwa kukuru kwezvigadzirwa zvehove kune vatengi.
(3) Kuderedzwa kwekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza
Pamusoro pemabhenefiti aya, kudzoreredzwa pabonde kwehove kunogona zvakare kutungamira mukuderedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze. Nokubudisa vanhurume vose, varimi vanogona kuderedza nhamba yehove dzinoda kuchekwa, izvo zvinogona kuderedza marara uye kudzivirira migumisiro yakaipa inogona kuitika pane zvakatipoteredza.
8.Ndezvipi zvakaipira kudzoreredza bonde rehove?
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PubMed Central
Inoremekedzwa dhatabhesi kubva kuNational Institutes of HealthEnda kunzvimbo
(1)Mahomoni akasara muzvigadzirwa zvehove
Imwe nyaya inogona kuvepo kuvepo kwemahomoni masara mune zvigadzirwa zvehove. Zvisaririra izvi zvinogona kukonzeresa njodzi dzehutano kune vatengi uye zvinogona kukonzera kunetseka nezve kuchengetedzwa uye kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvehove.
(2)Zvinogona kuipa pahutano hwehove uye maitiro
Chimwe chinokanganisa chinogona kukanganisa bonde rehove ndiko kukanganisa kunokanganisa hutano hwehove uye maitiro. Hove dzinosangana nebonde reversal dzinogona kusangana nekuchinja mufiziology uye maitiro, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko ehutano kana zvimwe zvakaipa.
(3)Njodzi yekusvibiswa kwehomoni munharaunda
Pakupedzisira, kune njodzi yekusvibiswa kwehomoni munharaunda. Mahomoni anoshandiswa mukudzoreredza bonde rehove anogona kupinda munharaunda uye kukanganisa zvimwe zvipenyu, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwe ecosystem uye mamwe matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza.
9.Regulatory zvinhu zvehove sex reversal
Kudzoreredza bonde rehove inzira yakakosha inoshandiswa muaquaculture kugadzira vanhurume vese kuti vakure nekukurumidza uye nekuvandudza kudzivirira kwezvirwere. Zvakadaro, kushandiswa kwemahomoni mukupfuya hove kwakasimudza kushushikana pamusoro pezvingangoita hutano uye nharaunda. Naizvozvo, zvimiro zvekudzora bonde rehove zvakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kuenderera kwemaitiro aya.
(1) Mitemo uye nhungamiro yekushandiswa kwehomoni mune aquaculture
Mitemo uye nhungamiro yekushandiswa kwehomoni mune aquaculture inosiyana pakati penyika nematunhu. Semuenzaniso, European Union ine mitemo yakasimba pamusoro pekushandiswa kwehomoni mu aquaculture uye inoda mvumo isati yashandiswa. MuUnited States, Food and Drug Administration inoronga kushandiswa kwehomoni mu aquaculture kuburikidza neCentre for Veterinary Medicine. Iyi mirairo nemitemo inotarisira kuona kuti kushandiswa kwehomoni mukurima hove kwakachengeteka kudyiwa kwevanhu uye hakukuvadzi zvakatipoteredza.
(2) Kutarisisa uye kutarisa kwemahomoni masara mune zvigadzirwa zvehove uye nharaunda
Kuongorora uye kutariswa kwezvisaririra zvehomoni muzvigadzirwa zvehove uye zvakatipoteredza zvakakoshawo kuongorora njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwemahomoni mumhuka yemvura. Mahomoni akasara anogona kuungana munyama yehove uye anogona kuendeswa kuvanhu vanoadya. Naizvozvo, kutarisa masara ehomoni muzvigadzirwa zvehove kwakakosha kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti akachengeteka kudyiwa nevanhu. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisisa zvisaririra zvemahomoni munharaunda kunogona kubatsira kuona zvingangoitika zvekusvibisa uye kuongorora maitiro avo ezvakatipoteredza.
10.Ndokupi kunotenga mahormones ehove dzebonde reversal?
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PubMed Central
Inoremekedzwa dhatabhesi kubva kuNational Institutes of HealthEnda kunzvimbo
(1)AdvaCare:kambani yemishonga uye yehutano yezvigadzirwa zvehutano inopa hormone yepabonde yehove yekudzokera shure mumapiritsi akadai se17-Alpha-Methyltestosterone uye Letrozole. Mapiritsi e17-methyltestosterone ane 5 mg per dose, ane mahwendefa e10 pabhokisi, nepo mapiritsi e-letrozole ari 2.5 mg per dose, ane mahwendefa gumi pabhokisi.
(2)AASraw:kambani inonyanya mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari epakati uye anoshanda emishonga yemishonga (APIs) inoshandiswa mumakiriniki ekuedzwa, kusanganisira 17-methyltestosterone uye letrozole poda yakasvibirira. Vane kugona kuronga kugadzirwa kwakakura uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa diki-vhoriyamu. Nehunyanzvi hwekutsvagisa uye nzvimbo yekusimudzira, vanovimbisa kunaka nekuchena kwe17-methyltestosterone yavo uye letrozole poda. Ivo zvakare vane fekitori yakazvimirira yekuona kuwanikwa kwechigadzirwa uye kuita kuyedza kwakasimba vasati vatengesa zvigadzirwa.
(3)Kabir Hupenyu Sayenzi: chikuva chinozivikanwa chinopa zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvemishonga kuburikidza neakasiyana masevhisi, anosanganisira kugadzira mishonga, PCD franchise, uye kutumira zvigadzirwa zvavo kunze kwenyika. Vanopa mahomoni ehove dzepabonde reversal, dzakadai seKetotestosterone uye estradiol-17 beta mufomu yehwendefa, uye tsanangudzo chaiyo inogona kuwanikwa pane urongwa.
*Kuchenjerera: Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kushandiswa uye kutengeswa kwezvinhu izvi kunotemerwa zvakanyanya, uye kuzviwana pasina gwaro rinoshanda hazvisi pamutemo uye zvine njodzi. Vanhu vari kutsvaga kushandisa 17-methyltestosterone uye letrozole nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekurapa vanofanira kuonana nenyanzvi yehutano ine rezinesi iyo inogona kupa hutungamiri pamusoro pekushandiswa kwakakodzera uye kunobva mishonga iyi. Zvakakosha kutevedzera kuchengetedzwa kwese uye mirairo yemutemo kudzivirira mhedzisiro inogona kukuvadza.
【Reference】
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[3] Cytogenetic toxicity uye gonadal zvinokonzerwa ne17 α-methyltestosterone muAstyanax bimaculatus (Characidae) uye Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) .Rivero-Wendt CL, Miranda-Vilela AL, Ferreira MF, Borges AM, Grisolia CK.Genet Mol Res. 2013 Sep 23;12(3):3862-70. doi:10.4238/2013.September.23.4.PMID: 24085447
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[5] Kushaikwa kwegenotoxicity muAstyanax bimaculatus uye Oreochromis niloticus ye17α-methyltestosterone inoshandiswa muhove yehove kuti ibudise varume monosex populations.Rivero-Wendt CL, Miranda-Vilela AL, Ferreira MF, Amorim FS, da Silva VA, Louvandini H, Grisolia CK. Genet Mol Res. 2013 Oct 24;12(4):5013-22. doi: 10.4238/2013.October.24.14. PMID: 24301763
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AASraw inyanzvi yekugadzira Letrozole powder & 17-methyltestosterone powder iyo ine lab yakazvimiririra uye fekitari huru serutsigiro, zvose zvinogadzirwa zvichaitwa pasi peCGMP mutemo uye trackable quality control system. Nzira yekugadzira yakagadzikana, zvose zvekutengesa uye zvekutengesa zvinogamuchirwa.Kugamuchirwa kuti udzidze mamwe mashoko pamusoro peAASraw!
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